This assignment is to show how ads use needs such as our self-actualization needs, from Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, to catch our attention and essentially persuade us to use their products. I scanned through ads until I found ones in which I could identify needs they satisfied. I used two ads that satisfied different needs. Part 1: This ad is from Apple and it is saying that simply by having an iPhone that your life will become easier and better. It’s slogan “Life is easier on iPhone, and it starts as soon as you turn it on”. It is targeting the people who want more and have the money to buy more. Its meant so that you will go out and buy an iPhone under the belief that you will have a better and more fulfilled life. Using this ad and slogan it falls under Esteem, which is the fourth level on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy because having this phone will rise your self esteem and you will become more confident as the ad is saying “make your life easier”. This ad is from an association to save water. It explains how we are draining and wasting water in the 1st world countries, while we could be saving it and helping the 3rd world countries with they’ll lack of water and be saving peoples lives. Not only people but animals are also affected by this and without water, everything would die. This ad is looking for those people who will look up from there phone and see what our world is coming too. Depending on which perspective your looking at it from it can fall into more than one category on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy, if you look at it as everyone needing water then it would fall onto the Physiological level, which is our needs (breathing, food and water), but if you look at it as the 1st world already having all the water they need and us helping out the less fortunate parts of the world then it could still fall onto the Physiological level for the 3rd world countries, but it could potentially fall onto Esteem and Self- actualization because it would be problem solving and it would make us feel better that we are helping out and getting some self-achievement. I personally think that the second ad is more important but with our world and how it has become, the sad truth is that more people are going to pay attention the the first one, because they want the new “it” stuff and the most high end. Although there will always be those people who don’t care about that and want to make a difference and pay way more attention the second ad, which will actually help our world and benefit it. Many people want to help, and do insure that you have to make the ad stand out among all the others and catch their eye. The second ad does stand out compared to the first, with a strong message coming across it and hopefully will be most effective at the end of the day. Part 2:
1. When motivating someone to buy something the most important and powerful thing to have is self-esteem and self-confidence. People want to feel respected and good about themselves. When an ad has something to do with these needs and targets them it will catch your eye and pay more attention then they normally would. Having an ad that connects to people is how you get them to pay attention. They’re not going to care if it has nothing to do with them, they want to feel involved and connected, and if it has an end result that is “better” looking and they want to feel like that then they are more likely to go and by that product. 2. I think it’s ethical to appeal to your buyers needs because in the end it’s their choice to buy it but your offering more of what they want. 3. Our needs are deliberately used to motivate us every single day. Our grades at school are used to motivate us. The harder you work and the better the work, the better the grades. When our parents take something away we have to be good until we get it back, the more you behave the faster you’ll get it back. This is all self-actualization trying to get us to be the best versions of ourselves.
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This paper introduces the Eidetic Memory. This essay was written as part of our Memory Unit, which involved understanding and learning about the many different components of memory, and it's faults, as well as what there is still to uncover about memory. Creating this paper involved extensive research, writing, and learning to use APA formatted citations. Eidetic Memory Photographic memory, or its technical term eidetic memory, is the ability to remember so vividly that an actual image is formed within your mind. This type of memory is extremely rare and is only seen and recorded in 2-15% of children and is even more rare in adults (American, 2007). People with eidetic memory are said to be able to remember an unlimited amount of information and be able to retain it for their entire lives (Goldstein, 2017).The question many neuroscientists and psychologists are asking now is “is eidetic memory real?”. Eidetic memory is a controversial topic as many neuroscientists don’t know whether to believe if it is real or not. James McGaugh is a neurobiologist who is working in the field of learning and memory. He is one of the world’s best scientists in the field of memory, but he has been stumped. It all started when a woman by only the name of AJ wrote a letter to McGaugh back in the year 2000. The letter contained AJ explaining her extraordinary memory and the abilities she has with it. Her memory gave her the unique ability to recall any given date going back decades and being able to tell you what happened on that day, what she was doing and in many cases what the weather was. McGaugh was stumped by the fact that AJ could remember any given date about anything and not just well known days like the day Elvis Presley died in 1977. She even remembers the day the California tax initiative passed on June 6th 1978 and a plane crash on May 25th the following year, and so on. He is unsure how she came to have this memory, if she was born with it or not, but he believes that she organizes her memories by date, however that doesn’t explain why she remembers it in such detail. He is trying to figure out if her brain is wired differently or has some disconnections that interfere with her memory bank. This type of memory has now been given a name but has yet to be understood. Hyperthymestic syndrome is AJ’s condition and McGaugh is getting closer to finding out how she remembers everything so well and so clearly but he is still a long way from doing so (News, 2006). In another case similar to AJ’s, a man known as S. walked into Moscow’s Academy of Communist Education on an April afternoon in 1929 (Johnson, 2017). He was sent there by his boss, after he attended a meeting and didn’t take a single note and his boss asked why. S. replied he could just remember the information without the need for notes. His boss then challenged him by reading a whole newspaper to S., to see if he could remember the content, and when he proved he was able to, he was sent to get his head examined. The researcher who met with S. on that day was 27 year-old Alexander Luria, who found his fame though S’s extraordinary memory. Luria then began asking S. to say back all of the numbers and words that Luria was saying to him. S. said them back remarkably fast, but was even more remarkable is that S. could repeat them again when tested more than 15 years later, it was in that moment that Luria concluded that S. has no limits to his memory. After that Luria tried testing if S. was able to forget just as easily as he could remember, he had S. write down everything he wanted to forget on slips of paper and watch them burn, seeing if that would trigger his brain and make him forget, but this had no effect on S. S. died in 1958 after being studied for nearly 3 decades. Through all the years of testing, S. kept a journal and kept notes of his sessions with Luria and could still remember his very first session exactly how it happened nearly 30 years later. Even after S. died Luria did not release any of his information, until an undergraduate encountered it in a memory lab. He found all of S’s journals and what his real name was, Solomon Shereshevsky. Luria never came to understand how Shereshevsky came to have this memory, but in Shereshevsky’s later years it was found that he could forget; through drinking. Alcoholism killed Shereshevsky who is now known as the “Man who could not forget” (Johnson, 2017). Eidetic memory is a very controversial topic to neuroscientists as there isn’t yet a way to fully understand it and definitively prove it. Although there are many cases that seem to prove that eidetic memory is real, because of the limited access we have to go into the living brain, and try to see eidetic memory working in action within the brain, we can’t prove why some people seem to have this memory while others don’t. There are scientists who do not believe it exists, although they do agree some people show extraordinary memory in certain circumstances (NeuroScience, 1997). They believe these people have simply developed specialized ways of thinking that allow them to have superior memories. As the methods of scientific testing on the living brain evolves, perhaps we can learn and discover more about memory and how we come to remember, and why some people have stronger memories than others. Eidetic memory is the extreme form of memory at the positive end of the scale. It is important to our learning about memory because until it is fully understood, scientists will continue to study this phenomenon. In understanding it they might then know whether is this something you are born with or if it can be developed through specific training, or prove that it doesn’t exist at all. Whatever the outcome, it will still lead to a greater understanding of how our memories are formed, retained and recalled. Works Cited: Goldstein, A. (2017, November 18). Goldstein, A. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro06/web2/agoldstein.html#1 American, S. (2007, March 12). Is there such a thing as a photographic memory? And if so, can it be learned? Retrieved March 14, 2018, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-there-such-a-thing-as/ News, A. (2006, March 20). Woman With Perfect Memory Baffles Scientists. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=1738881&page=1 Johnson, R. (2017, August 12). The Mystery of S., the Man with an Impossible Memory. Retrieved April 07, 2018, from https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-mystery-of-s-the-man-with-an-impossible-memory NeuroScience. (1997, June 19). Retrieved April 10, 2018, from http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/aug97/866819368.Ns.r.html This visual representation explores the three main accepted learning theories in psychology: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and Social Learning. Each section includes key concepts, important contributors and examples of each type of learning. Connections are made between theories to show differences as well as similarities.
This is a lab created to show how operant conditioning is and how it can be used. The purpose is to put our learning on operant conditioning to the test and see if we can use it to get a desired outcome in our case from a dog. My partner in this assignment was Emma. Samantha Deally Question: With positive reinforcement, is it possible to teach a 6 year old dog to “play dead” in just one week? Background Info: Operant conditioning is a learning procedure that uses reinforcement (i.e rewards and punishment) to alter behaviour or to teach new behaviours. The method of using positive reinforcement (rewards) is regularly used on dogs and other animals to teach new tricks and control behaviour. With dogs a typical reinforcer is treats. Hypothesis: With positive reinforcement, a 6 year old dog can be trained to “play dead’ in a week. Materials:
Method:
Results: At the beginning of this experiment, it was hard for the dog to relate the sound of “play dead” to the action of laying down on his side. To make it easier we had him just do the action, then later added in the words; however putting the words and the action together was still a bit tricky for him. We decided to switch from food kibbles to treats. The treats seemed to have worked better. He was more inclined to do the trick for the treats. We continued the training process everyday and he finally got it. We later figured out that he will “play dead” even if we use a different command word. He correlates the hand signal of a gun to the trick. So, now he “plays dead” to a command like “bang” as long as we use the hand signal. Analysis: Through operant conditioning a dog is able to be trained various tricks even if they are not a puppy. The choice of reinforcement stimuli is important. Based on our results, it seems to be more efficient and -- to use a stimuli that is different from the dog’s regular food. The dog recognized that he was not being given a treat and did not perform as well as he could have. Conclusion: Through this experiment, we have proven that our hypothesis is correct. A 6 year old dog can be trained to perform a new trick with positive reinforcement in one week. Sources of Error: When the dog started to get the trick right we reinforced him every single time. Sometimes he would wag his tail and we reinforced him anyways. In hindsight, we should have not reinforced him when he wagged his tail because now he’s gotten into a habit of wagging his tail when he performs the trick. Questions for Further Investigation: If we had started with treats as the reinforcement instead of kibbles, would the outcome of the performance of the trick be better? Would the results of the lab be the same if we had used classical conditioning? 1) What happens to memories once they have been forgotten?
2) Are there more learning theories to be found? 3) Would you get the same or similar results from using classical conditioning and operant conditioning on a person as you would an animal? |